Malnutrition at Age 3 Years and Lower Cognitive Ability at Age 11 Years

Malnutrition at age 3 years and lower cognitive ability at age 11 years: independence from psychosocial adversity.

BACKGROUND Early malnutrition is linked to poor cognition, but long-term effects have not been extensively examined and psychosocial confounds have not always been controlled. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that malnutrition at age 3 years will be associated with poorer cognitive ability at age 11 years independent of psychosocial confounds. DESIGN A prospective, longitudinal study of a b...

Malnutrition at age 3 years and externalizing behavior problems at ages 8, 11, and 17 years.

OBJECTIVE Poor nutrition is thought to predispose to externalizing behavior problems, but to date there appear to have been no prospective longitudinal studies testing this hypothesis. This study assessed whether 1) poor nutrition at age 3 years predisposes to antisocial behavior at ages 8, 11, and 17 years, 2) such relationships are independent of psychosocial adversity, and 3) IQ mediates the...

Menstruation at the Age of 3½ Years

Cognitive ability at age 11 and 70 years, information processing speed, and APOE variation: the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 study.

The e4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene confers risk of Alzheimer's disease and, in some studies, relates to cognitive ability and decline in older people without Alzheimer's disease. Its relationship with processing speed, a contributor to cognitive decline with age, is largely unknown. This study tests the association of APOE with cognition and speed, with and without covarying chil...

Birth weight and cognitive function at age 11 years: the Scottish Mental Survey

Aims—To examine the relation between birth weight and cognitive function at age 11 years, and to examine whether this relation is independent of social class. Methods—Retrospective cohort study based on birth records from 1921 and cognitive function measured while at school at age 11 in 1932. Subjects were 985 live singletons born in the Edinburgh Royal Maternity and Simpson Memorial Hospital i...